De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă . Within hours of the catastrophe, rumors spread that Korean immigrants were poisoning wells and using the breakdown of authority to plot the overthrow of the Japanese government. Updates? This earthquake destroyed Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka. The photographs presented in this special online exhibition were taken by August Kengelbacher. The 1923 Great Kantō Earthquake: The History and Legacy of the Earthquake That Destroyed Tokyo - Kindle edition by Charles River Editors. The Great Kanto Earthquake obliterated all of that in a single afternoon. Founded as Japan’s first “Foreign Settlement” in 1859, five years after U.S. Commodore Matthew Perry forced the shogun to open Japan to the West, Yokohama had grown into a cosmopolitan city of half a million. The only comparable Japanese earthquake in the 20th century was at Kōbe on January 17, 1995; about 6,400 people died amid considerable damage, which included widespread fires in the city and a landslide in nearby Nishinomiya. Video conference trends for 2021; March 12, 2021. The Great Kanto Earthquake, sometimes called the Great Tokyo Earthquake, rocked Japan on September 1, 1923. Regular contributor Joshua Hammer is the author of Yokohama Burning, about the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The magnitude of the earthquake is estimated to have been 8.3 on the Richter scale. The Kantō region, which encompasses the cities of Tokyo, Yokohama and Kawasaki, is situated in the collision zone of at least four tectonic plates, and is one of the most seismically vulnerable locations on Earth. Here and there a remnant of a building, a few shattered walls, stood up like rocks above the expanse of flame, unrecognizable....It was as if the very earth were now burning. Buildings collapsed, crushing their occupants, and a tsunami assaulted miles of coastline, depositing boats well inland and dragging people, structures, and debris out to sea. In September 1923, Tokyo became a hell on earth. The radio man “flashed the news across the sea at the speed of sunlight,” reported the New York Times, “to tell of tremendous casualties, buildings leveled by fire, towns swept by tidal waves...disorder by rioters, raging fire and wrecked bridges.”. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and ten minutes. Then, as in Yokohama, fires spread, fueled by flimsy wooden houses and fanned by high winds. Forty-eight percent of all homes in Tokyo Prefecture (the homes of 397,119 families) were either destroyed or classified as uninhabitable as a result of the Great Kantō Earthquake and fires. A massive magnitude-9.0 temblor struck off the coast of Sendai on March 11, 2011, itself producing some damage but also generating a series of devastating tsunamis along the coast of northeastern Japan. Joshua Hammer is a contributing writer to Smithsonian magazine and the author of several books, including The Bad-Ass Librarians of Timbuktu: And Their Race to Save the World's Most Precious Manuscripts and The Falcon Thief: A True Tale of Adventure, Treachery, and the Hunt for the Perfect Bird. The 9.0 earthquake that struck the northeast coast of Honshu this past March is not likely to have such an impact on Japan’s history. The city of Yokohama was hit even worse than Tokyo was, although both were devastated. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Damage caused by the Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake, 1923. This earthquake devastated Tokyo, the port city of Yokohama, and the surrounding prefectures of Chiba, Kanagawa, and Shizuoka, and caused widespread damage throughout the Kantō region. Omissions? Advertising Notice Japanese expressed resentment toward Western rescuers; demagogues in the United States charged that the Japanese had been “ungrateful” for the outpouring of help they received. Soon, the entire city was ablaze. Suddenly, a great earthquake shook the Kantō region of Japan, a major city now home to 42 million people. or More than 100,000 people died when the Great Kantō Earthquake struck the Tokyo metropolitan area on September 1, 1923. 75 years ago, on 1 September 1923, one of the worst earthquakes in world history hit the Kanto plain and destroyed Tokyo, Yokohama and the surroundings. The Bad-Ass Librarians of Timbuktu: And Their Race to Save the World's Most Precious Manuscripts, The Falcon Thief: A True Tale of Adventure, Treachery, and the Hunt for the Perfect Bird, Thanks to a Genetic Mutation, These French Rabbits Prefer Handstands to Bunny Hops, The Little-Known Story of Queen Victoria's Black Goddaughter, One Hundred Years Ago, Einstein Was Given a Hero's Welcome by America's Jews, Why U.S. Approval of the AstraZeneca Covid-19 Vaccine Is Taking So Long, In Search of the Authentic Ernest Hemingway. The quake had a magnitude of 7.9 on the Richter scale, with its focus deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in Sagami Bay. A Kantō earthquake (関東地震, kantō jishin) is a megathrust earthquake occurring in the Kantō region of Japan that originate from slippage in the Sagami Trough. Samuel Robinson, the Canadian skipper of the Empress of Australia, took hundreds of refugees aboard, organized a fire brigade that kept the ship from being incinerated by advancing flames, then steered the crippled vessel to safety in the outer harbor. The first shock hit at 11:58 a.m., emanating from a seismic fault six miles beneath the floor of Sagami Bay, 30 miles south of Tokyo. It presented exactly the aspect of a gigantic Christmas pudding over which the spirits were blazing, devouring nothing. A 60- by 60-mile segment of the Philippine oceanic plate ruptured and thrust itself against the Eurasian continental plate, releasing a massive burst of tectonic energy. From Washington, President Calvin Coolidge took the lead in rallying the United States. Although both were devastated, the city of Yokohama was hit even worse than Tokyo. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. About 140,000 people died. 18th Annual Photo Contest Winners and Finalists Announced! While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Cookie Policy The Amazon Rainforest Now Emits More Greenhouse Gases Than It Absorbs, This High Schooler Invented Color-Changing Sutures to Detect Infection, Medieval Jews in England Kept Kosher Laws, New Research Suggests, How the Dinosaur-Killing Asteroid Spurred the Evolution of the Modern Rainforest, These Iron Age Swedish Warriors Were Laid to Rest on Luxurious Feather Bedding, Looking Back at the Tulsa Race Massacre, 100 Years Later. Varied accounts indicate the duration of the earthquake was between four and ten minutes. No center symbolized the country’s dynamism more than Yokohama, known as the City of Silk. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Despite the scale of recent events, it is the Great Kantō Earthquake (Kantō Daishinsai) of 1923 that remains Japan’s worst Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake of 1923, also called Great Kanto earthquake, earthquake with a magnitude of 7.9 that struck the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area near noon on September 1, 1923. The quake destroyed the city’s water mains, paralyzing the fire department. Then there was Taki Yonemura, chief engineer of the government wireless station in Iwaki, a small town 152 miles northeast of Tokyo. Three hundred people died in Kamakura, the ancient capital, when a 20-foot-high wave washed over the town. Although the shock waves had weakened by the time they reached through the Kanto region to Tokyo, 17 miles north of Yokohama, many poorer neighborhoods built on unstable ground east of the Sumida River collapsed in seconds. “Over everything had settled a thick white dust,” he remembered years later, “and through the yellow fog of dust, still in the air, a copper-coloured sun shone upon this silent havoc in sickly reality.” Fanned by high winds, fires from overturned cookstoves and ruptured gas mains spread. Or, as philosopher and social critic Fukasaku Yasubumi declared at the time: “God cracked down a great hammer” on the Japanese nation. (Japan had occupied Korea in 1905, annexed it five years later and ruled the territory with an iron grip.) Thomas Ryan, a 22-year-old U.S. naval ensign, freed a woman trapped inside the Grand Hotel in Yokohama, then carried the victim—who had suffered two broken legs—to safety, seconds ahead of a fire that engulfed the ruins. Like the 1923 quake, this one unleashed secondary disasters: a tsunami that washed away dozens of villages; mudslides; fires; and damage to the Fukushima Daiichi reactors that emitted radiation into the atmosphere (and constituted the worst nuclear accident since the Chernobyl disaster in 1986). Though they may dispute its effects, historians agree that the destruction of two great population centers gave voice to those in Japan who believed that the embrace of Western decadence had invited divine retribution. The 1923 Great Kantō Earthquake: The History and Legacy of the Earthquake That Destroyed Tokyo eBook: Charles River Editors: Amazon.ca: Kindle Store The Great Kanto Earthquake turned 93 on 1st September 2016. In Urotsukidōji, the confrontation between Amano Jyaku and Suikakujyu with a water demon triggers the 1923 earthquake. Read 8 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. “I saw a thirty-foot sampan [boat] that had been lifted neatly on top of the roof of a prostrated house. Terms of Use The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大地震, Kantō dai-jishin) struck the Kantō Plain on the main Japanese island of Honshū at 11:58:44 JST (02:58:44 UTC ) on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Tens of thousands of working-class Japanese found refuge in an empty patch of ground near the river. The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大地震) struck the Kantō Plain on the main Japanese island of Honshū at 11:58:44 JST (02:58:44 UTC) on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Traditional figures offered words of solace: Crown Prince Hirohito 88 years ago; his son, Emperor Akihito, in 2011. People fled toward the Sumida River, drowning by the hundreds when bridges collapsed. In less than three days, a magnitude approximate 7.9 earthquake and subsequent conflagrations reduced nearly half of Japan’s capital to a blackened, rubble-filled, corpse-strewn wasteland of desolation. On the way, the 1923 earthquake strikes, damaging the train and causing a huge fire in the city. Blog. ALL TRAFFIC STOPPED—and dispatched it to an RCA receiving station in Hawaii. The death toll from the temblor was estimated to have exceeded 140,000. Corrections? UTC timp : 1923-09-01 02:58:35 : Eveniment ISC: 911526 : USGS- ANSS : ComCat : Data locală : 1 septembrie 1923 ( ) Ora locala : 11:58:32 JST ( UTC + 09: 00 ) Durată : More than half of the brick buildings and one-tenth of the reinforced concrete structures in the region collapsed. My own view is that by reducing the expatriate European community in Yokohama and putting an end to a period of optimism symbolized by that city, the Kanto earthquake accelerated Japan’s drift toward militarism and war. “An overwhelming disaster has overtaken the people of the friendly nation of Japan,” he declared on September 3. The magnitude of its destruction was almost beyond imagining. Tokyo-Yokohama earthquake of 1923, also called Great Kanto earthquake, earthquake with a magnitude of 7.9 that struck the Tokyo-Yokohama metropolitan area near noon on September 1, 1923. Hours after the earthquake, Yonemura picked up a faint signal from a naval station near Yokohama, relaying word of the catastrophe. 1923 Marele cutremur Kantō ; Tokyo . Every year on the same date, drills and other activities are … The earthquake also exposed the darker side of humanity. 1923 Great Kantō earthquake relief efforts‎ (15 F) Rumor of the Great Kanto-earthquake in 1923‎ (10 F) Media in category "1923 Great Kantō earthquake" The following 24 files are in this category, out of 24 total. The death toll from the temblor was estimated to have exceeded 140,000. About 140,000 people fell victim to this earthquake and the fires caused by it. [citation needed] The dama… Fuel, food and water were hard to come by weeks after the earthquake, and the Japanese government acknowledged that it had been ill-prepared for a calamity on this scale. Roving bands of Japanese prowled the ruins of Yokohama and Tokyo, setting up makeshift roadblocks and massacring Koreans across the earthquake zone. 1923 Marele cutremur Kantō - 1923 Great Kantō earthquake. From the waterfront promenade, known as the Bund, to the Bluff, the hillside neighborhood favored by foreign residents, Yokohama was where East met West, and liberal ideas—including democracy, collective bargaining and women’s rights—transfixed those who engaged them. was a Japanese natural disaster in the Kantō region of the island of Honshū. |, (Rue des Archives / The Granger Collection, New York), (Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division). On September 1, 1923, a strong 7.9-magnitude earthquake struck the Kantō area of Japan, which includes Tokyo. The quake's magnitude is estimated at 7.9 to 8.2 on the Richter scale, and its epicenter was in the shallow waters of Sagami Bay, about 25 miles south of Tokyo. Then came fires, roaring through the wooden houses of Yokohama and Tokyo, the capital, burning everything—and everyone—in their path. For the next three days, Yonemura sent a stream of reports that alerted the world to the unfolding tragedy. Of the 44,000 people who had gathered there, only 300 survived. Out of the City of Tokyo’s 2.26 million inhabitants, 1.38 million were rendered homeless by the disaster. The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大地震, Kantō dai-jishin) struck the Kantō Plain on the main Japanese island of Honshū at 11:58:44 JST (02:58:44 UTC) on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. “The smiles vanished,” remembered Ellis M. Zacharias, then a young U.S. naval officer, who was standing on the pier when the earthquake hit, “and for an appreciable instant everyone stood transfixed” by “the sound of unearthly thunder.” Moments later, a tremendous jolt knocked Zacharias off his feet, and the pier collapsed, spilling cars and people into the water. Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Magazine Before the Great Kanto Earthquake struck, Japan was full of optimism. Meanwhile, a wall of water surged from the fault zone toward the coast of Honshu. Attracting entrepreneurs, fugitives, traders, spies and drifters from every corner of the world, the port rose “like a mirage in the desert,” wrote one Japanese novelist. It was the deadliest earthquake in Japanese history. Did the Black Death Rampage Across the World a Century Earlier Than Previously Thought? This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/event/Tokyo-Yokohama-earthquake-of-1923. The 1923 Great Kantō Earthquake book. Privacy Statement It caused widespread damage. Down at the docks of Yokohama, Japan’s biggest port and its gateway to the West, hundreds of well-wishers were seeing off the Empress of Australia, a 615-foot luxury steamship bound for Vancouver. Blog. Estimated casualties totaled about 142,800 deaths, including about 40,000 who went missing and were presumed dead. The initial jolt was followed a few minutes later by a 40-foot-high tsunami. The 1923 Great Kantō earthquake struck the Kantō plain on the Japanese main island of Honshū at 11:58:44 am JST on September 1, 1923. Many hundreds of thousands of houses were either shaken down or burned in the ensuing fire touched off by the quake. According to one police report, fires had broken out in 83 locations by 12:15. Get the best of Smithsonian magazine by email. The city was rebuilt quickly, and the northwestern area was developed into a major industrial zone. WHOLE CITY ABLAZE WITH NUMEROUS CASUALTIES. Contemporary concerns about the difficulties faced by the Japanese economy following the Great Kantō Earthquake of 1923 soon appeared to be unfounded as the economy recovered relatively quickly. Tips to elevate your hybrid or virtual sales strategy; March 12, 2021. Wikipedia 2012 Chiba earthquake Prezi’s Big Ideas 2021: Expert advice for the new year And the quake may have emboldened right-wing forces at the very moment that the country was poised between military expansion and an embrace of Western democracy, only 18 years before Japan would enter World War II. A series of towering waves swept away thousands of people. Extensive firestorms and even a Give a Gift. Nobel nominee Junicho Tanizaki, who spent two years in Yokohama writing screenplays, marveled at “a riot of loud Western colors and smells—the odor of cigars, the aroma of chocolate, the fragrance of flowers, the scent of perfume.”. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading The 1923 Great Kantō Earthquake: The History and Legacy of the Earthquake That Destroyed Tokyo. The human tragedy of over 120,000 killed and 2 million left homeless was matched in severity by the economic cost of the damage inflicted: it was roughly four … Capt. The wave of good feeling between the two countries would soon dissipate, however, in mutual accusations. The date was September 1, 1923, and the event was the Great Kanto Earthquake, at the time considered the worst natural disaster ever to strike quake-prone Japan. The Great Kantō earthquake (関東大地震 , Kantō dai-jishin) struck the Kantō Plain on the main Japanese island of Honshū at 11:58:44 JST (02:58:44 UTC) on Saturday, September 1, 1923. Nevertheless, there are parallels. According to some estimates, the death toll was as high as 6,000. Japan scholar Kenneth Pyle of the University of Washington says that conservative elites were already nervous about democratic forces emerging in society, and “the 1923 earthquake does sort of begin to reverse some of the liberal tendencies that appear right after World War I....After the earthquake, there’s a measurable increase in right-wing patriotic groups in Japan that are really the groundwork of what is called Japanese fascism.” Peter Duus, an emeritus professor of history at Stanford, states that it was not the earthquake that kindled right-wing activities, “but rather the growth of the metropolis and the emergence of what the right wing regarded as heartless, hedonistic, individualistic and materialist urban culture.” The more significant long-term effect of the earthquake, he says, “was that it set in motion the first systematic attempt at reshaping Tokyo as a modern city. It lasted between 4 and 10 minutes. March 15, 2021. Varied accounts hold that the duration of the earthquake was between 4 and 10 minutes. The date was September 1, 1923, and the event was the Great Kanto Earthquake, at the time considered the worst natural disaster ever to strike quake-prone … Yonemura’s bulletins helped to galvanize an international relief effort, led by the United States, that saved thousands from near-certain death or prolonged misery. Keep up-to-date on: © 2021 Smithsonian Magazine. The Great Kanto Earthquake, also sometimes called the Great Tokyo Earthquake, rocked Japan on Sept. 1, 1923. As the evening of the quake approached, Kinney observed, “Yokohama, the city of almost half a million souls, had become a vast plain of fire, of red, devouring sheets of flame which played and flickered. Disaster struck at 11:58 on September 1st, 1923, just as families were gathering around the table for lunch. The three-story Grand Hotel, an elegant Victorian villa on the seafront that had played host to Rudyard Kipling, W. 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