Since classical times, ancient Phoenicians, Greeks, Etruscans, and Celts have inhabited the Italian Peninsula, with various Italic peoples dispersed throughout Italy alongside other ancient Italian tribes and Greek, Carthaginian, and Phoenician colonies. Until Unification in 1861, Italy comprised several states with borders that changed over time. There was a power vacuum in Italy as a result of this. Letta's cabinet lasted until 22 February 2014 (for a total of 300 days), as the government fell apart after the Democratic Party retired its support of Letta in favour of Matteo Renzi, the 39-year-old mayor of Florence and nicknamed "Il Rottamatore" (The scrapper), who succeeded Letta as Prime Minister at the head of a new government with three centre parties, New Centre-Right, Civic Choice and Union of the Centre. Baldissara, Luca & Pezzino, Paolo (2004). The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1714) was triggered by the death without issue of the last Habsburg king of Spain, Charles II, who fixed the entire Spanish inheritance on Philip, Duke of Anjou, the second grandson of King Louis XIV of France. Beyond their goal of crushing Italian Axis forces, the Allies wanted to draw German troops away from the main Allied advance through Nazi-occupied northern Europe to Berlin, Germany. Written in 1764 the article talked of a man, who, on entering a café in Milan was asked where he was from. The main contenders were Pisa, Genoa, and Venice, but after a long conflict the Genoese succeeded in reducing Pisa. Landing in Sicily, Garibaldi and his men gradually worked their way up from the south overthrowing the Bourbon monarchy. Although the Italian Air Force had been in action in the conquest of Ethiopia and the Spanish Civil War, it was totally unprepared for combat...in June 1940. And thus the Risorgimento was completed in 1871 and the entire boot of Italy was united under one crown for the first time since the Roman empire! The natural environment was constantly under threat by wild industrial expansion, leading to ecological disasters like the Vajont Dam inundation and the Seveso chemical accident. In 1919, at the Paris Peace Conference, Italy was denied the execution of the wartime secret Treaty of London (1915) which it had concorded with the Triple Entente. As far back as the 1300s writers such as Dante Alighieri, famous for his Divine Comedy, had expressed their opposition to foreign control. Apart from Russia this was the only far left party in Europe that opposed the war. In 1861, Italy ceased to be a collection of individual states and became the unified Kingdom of Italy (1861 to 1946). [38] Caesar's assassination caused political and social turmoil in Rome; without the dictator's leadership, the city was ruled by his friend and colleague, Mark Antony. It is estimated that between September 1943 and April 1945 some 60,000 Allied and 50,000 German soldiers died in Italy. A first Indoeuropean migration occurred around the mid-3rd millennium BC, from a population who imported coppersmithing. Facing a new Lombard offensive, the Papacy appealed to the Franks for aid.[51]. As no dominant powers emerged as they did in other parts of Europe, the oligarchic city-state became the prevalent form of government. The first government of Depretis collapsed after his dismissal of his Interior Minister, and ended with his resignation in 1877. It was shocking the result of the anti-establishment Five Star Movement, founded by the former comedian Beppe Grillo, which gain 25.5% of votes, becoming the first party in the country. [127] This was important to the alliance as both regimes mutually had claims on France, Germany on German-populated Alsace-Lorraine and Italy on the mixed Italian and French populated Nice and Corsica. [49] The Jewish people never recovered until the creation of the state of Israel in 1948.[50]. The First Triumvirate ("three men"), had satisfied the interests of these three men: Crassus, the richest man in Rome, became richer; Pompey exerted more influence in the Senate; and Caesar held consulship and military command in Gaul. Following Victor Emmanuel III's abdication, his son, the new king Umberto II, was pressured by the threat of another civil war to call a Constitutional Referendum to decide whether Italy should remain a monarchy or become a republic. [161][162], In 2020, Italy was severely hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Tangentopoli scandals involved all major parties, but especially those in the government coalition: between 1992 and 1994 the DC underwent a severe crisis and was dissolved, splitting up into several pieces, among whom the Italian People's Party and the Christian Democratic Center. [115] This treaty stipulated that Italy was to leave the Triple Alliance and join the enemy, by declaring war against the German Empire and Austria-Hungary, in exchange for territories (Istria and Dalmatia) at war's end, upon which the Kingdom of Italy held claims. ", Sarah Waters, "‘Tangentopoli’ and the emergence of a new political order in Italy. In 1947, under American pressure, the communists were expelled from the government. The last time it was declared a public day off was in 2011 for the 150th anniversary. [16] The researchers conclude that their data, taken from the modern Tuscan population, 'support the scenario of a post-Neolithic genetic input from the Near East to the present-day population of Tuscany'. In 476, the last Western Emperor Romulus Augustulus was deposed by Odoacer; for a few years Italy stayed united under the rule of Odoacer, but soon after it was divided between several barbarian kingdoms, and did not reunite under a single ruler until thirteen centuries later. Loved it – informative and very interesting. Balkans Campaign which had as result the dissolution of Yugoslavia and Greece's defeat. [75] Historians believe the dramatic reduction in Italian cities population (and, thus, in economic activity) contributed to Italy's downfall as a major commercial and political centre. Each had their own government, language and even money. The newly created Kingdom of Italy (Lombardy, Venice, Reggio, Modena, Romagna, and the Marshes) was overseen by Napoleon himself, to the eternal disgust of many including the Venetians. Rome and Venice are still separate states. Christopher Duggan, using private diaries and letters, and secret police files, argues that Mussolini enjoyed a strong, wide base of popular support among ordinary people across Italy. As Tangentopoli was under a set of judicial investigations by the name of Mani pulite (Italian for "clean hands"), voters demanded political, economic, and ethical reforms. Tuscan architecture and painting soon became a model for all the city-states of northern and central Italy, as the Tuscan variety of Italian language came to predominate throughout the region, especially in literature. In Italy and Yugoslavia, unlike in Germany, few war crimes were prosecuted. Worst of all was the 6 May 1527 Sack of Rome by mutinous German mercenaries that all but ended the role of the Papacy as the largest patron of Renaissance art and architecture. Meanwhile, the Allies advanced in southern Italy. Finally, the Aldine Press, founded by the printer Aldo Manuzio, active in Venice, developed Italic type and the small, relatively portable and inexpensive printed book that could be carried in one's pocket, as well as being the first to publish editions of books in ancient Greek. Italy's military failures against France, Greece, Yugoslavia and in the African Theatres of war shook Italy's new prestige mightily. How is that possible? [144][145][146][147] Yugoslav Partisans perpetrated their own crimes against the Italians during and after the war, including the foibe killings. Many supporters of revolution in Sicily, including the scholar Michele Amari, were forced into exile during the decades that followed. The Sardinian Statuto Albertino of 1848, extended to the whole Kingdom of Italy in 1861, provided for basic freedoms, but the electoral laws excluded the non-propertied and uneducated classes from voting. In 1928, all political parties were banned, and parliamentary elections were replaced by plebiscites in which the Grand Council of Fascism nominated a single list of 400 candidates. The most important magistrates were the two consuls, who together exercised executive authority as imperium, or military command. To do this, he opposed German plans to annex Austria after the assassination of Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, and promised the Austrians military support if Germany were to interfere. It has been hypothesized that the ancient Sardinians, or part of them, could be identified with one of the so-called Peoples of the Sea (in particular, the Sherden) who attacked ancient Egypt and other regions of eastern Mediterranean. The Western part faced increasing economic and political crisis and frequent barbarian invasions, so the capital was moved from Mediolanum to Ravenna. The government implemented numerous reforms, including changes to the electoral system, a relaxation of labour and employment laws with the intention of boosting economic growth, a thorough reformation of the public administration and the introduction of same-sex civil unions. Homo sapiens sapiens appeared during the upper Palaeolithic: the earliest sites in Italy dated 48,000 years ago is According to tradition and later writers such as Livy, the Roman Republic was established around 509 BCE,[24] when the last of the seven kings of Rome, Tarquin the Proud, was deposed by Lucius Junius Brutus, and a system based on annually elected magistrates and various representative assemblies was established. In 1920, old Prime Minister Giolitti was reappointed in a desperate attempt to solve Italy's deadlock, but his cabinet was weak and threatened by a growing socialist opposition. Effectively, in spite of Italy having given birth to some great explorers such as Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci and Giovanni da Verrazzano, the discovery of the New World undermined the importance of Venice and other Italian ports as commercial hubs by shifting Europe's center of gravity westward towards the Atlantic. Inspired by the principles of the French Revolution, its members were mainly drawn from the middle class and intellectuals. The Berlusconi government was succeeded by a technical government headed by Prime Minister Lamberto Dini, which left office in early 1996. The second government of Depretis started in 1881. With the main working-class Socialist party reluctant to support the war effort, strikes were frequent and cooperation was minimal, especially in the Socialist strongholds of Piedmont and Lombardy. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. The Church especially endorsed foreign policies such as support for the anti-Communist side in the Spanish Civil War, and support for the conquest of Ethiopia. Siena Palio – which contradas are racing on 16th August 2016? Strong urban growth led to uncontrolled urban sprawl. [97], The overwhelming attention paid to foreign policy alienated the agricultural community which needed help. [137] British historian John Bierman said that the Italian tank regiment "fought with great audacity, just as the Ariete artillery regiment did". The political and social events in the restoration period of Italy (1815–1835) led to popular uprisings throughout the peninsula and greatly shaped what would become the Italian Wars of Independence. Hitler proceeded with the Anschluss, the annexation of Austria, in 1938. Yet cultural contributions notwithstanding, some present-day historians also see the era as one of the beginning of economic regression for Italy (due to the opening up of the Atlantic trade routes and repeated foreign invasions) and of little progress in experimental science, which made its great leaps forward among Protestant culture in the 17th century. "[134] Norman Polmar and Thomas B. Allen argue that "the Regia Aeronautica failed to perform effectively in modern conflict. The Orlando government had started the process of reconciliation during the World War, and the pope furthered it by cutting ties with the Christian Democrats in 1922. The Palatine Hill and hills surrounding it presented easily defensible positions in the wide fertile plain surrounding them. Berlusconi's government was able to avoid no-confidence thanks to support from sparse MPs, but has lost a consistent majority in the lower Chamber. Italy soon conquered and annexed Tripoli and the Dodecanese Islands. Ma per me ce la stiamo cavando bene", "Un uomo solo è al comando dell'Italia, e nessuno ha niente da ridire", "Italy's lockdown will be extended, prime minister says as death toll spikes and hospitals struggle", L'Italia pagherà il conto più salato della crisi post-epidemia, Economic history of Italy § Further reading, full text of vol 30 ABBE to ENGLISH HISTORY online free, "The memory and historiography of the First World War in Italy", Italy Revisited (historical photo archives), Collection: Italy in 19th Century Photography, Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Italy&oldid=1014497523, Articles with Italian-language sources (it), Articles with dead external links from February 2021, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles needing additional references from August 2019, All articles needing additional references, Self-contradictory articles from February 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Vague or ambiguous time from September 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The Congress of Vienna (1814) restored the situation of the late 18th century, which was however quickly overturned by the incipient movement of Italian unification. [56], Thanks to their favorable position between East and West, Italian cities such as Venice became international trading and banking hubs and intellectual crossroads. The Austrians briefly pushed the French out in 1799 but Napoleon once again conquered the Italian peninsula shortly afterwards dividing it into 3 parts. Italy was later fragmented by the transitory su… The story of the Risorgimento, Italy's unification campaign, as laid out in a great GIF. Italy also lost all of its colonial possessions, formally ending the Italian Empire. One society, called Young Italy, proved to be important. [91], Cavour decided the basic problem was poor government, and believed that could be remedied by strict application of the Piedmonese legal system. In 1130, Roger II of Sicily began his rule of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily. [44] Augustus' enlightened rule resulted in a 200 years long peaceful and thriving era for the Empire, known as Pax Romana. This administration, as often in the Italian cities, evolved into th… Belgium and Piedmont became integral parts of France.[78]. The mercenaries were not willing to risk their lives unduly, and war became one largely of sieges and maneuvering, occasioning few pitched battles. After the Congress of Vienna divided the Italian peninsula among the European powers, the Carbonari movement spread into the Papal States, the Kingdom of Sardinia, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Modena and the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia. Their political and administrative systems were modernized, the metric system introduced, and trade barriers reduced. [36], In the mid-1st century BCE, the Republic faced a period of political crisis and social unrest. The traditional chronology, as codified by Varro, allots 243 years for their reigns, an average of almost 35 years, which, since the work of Barthold Georg Niebuhr, has been generally discounted by modern scholarship. On April 11, 1861, following Italy’s unification, former Minister Plenipotentiary of the Kingdom on Sardinia, Chevalier Joseph Bertinatti, presented his credentials to the United States as Minister Plenipotentiary of the Kingdom of Italy. [137] Winston Churchill said in a speech to the House of Commons a month after El Alamein: We must honour the men that were the Lions of the Folgore. The nuraghe towers are unanimously considered the best-preserved and largest megalithic remains in Europe. Control passed first to the Ostrogoths, originally from eastern Europe between the Baltic and Black Seas, and then to the Byzantines from Turkey. In the first year of his government, Prodi had followed a cautious policy of economic liberalization and reduction of public debt. Other Greek scholars of the period were two monks from the monastery of Seminara in Calabria. Proto-villanovans practised cremation and buried the ashes of their dead in pottery urns of distinctive double-cone shape. Two prominent radical figures in the unification movement were Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi. By European standards, Italy is a young country, having become unified as one nation only in 1861. Hitler had to intervene with the sending of the Afrika Korps of General Erwin Rommel, that was the mainstay in the North African campaign. The boom had also a huge impact on Italian society and culture. The Romans then took up arms and drove the Gauls back, led by Camillus. [170], Fascist Italy, World War II and Civil War (1922 to 1946), Langley, Andrew and Souza, de Philip, "The Roman Times", Candle Wick Press, Massachusetts, Holger Berwinkel, "Legnano, Battle of (1176)." The Austrian Empire vigorously repressed nationalist sentiment growing on the Italian peninsula, as well as in the other parts of Habsburg domains. The events of 1848-9 have made it plain that a new Italy will not emerge from uncoordinated uprisings in different states (as Mazzini continues to believe) and that the Italians require foreign allies if they are to confront successfully the might of Austria. Under the same pressure, the First Italian War of Independence was declared on Austria. From 1969 to 1980, repeated neofascist outrages were launched such as the Piazza Fontana bombing in 1969. Relations with France were mixed. In 1923, Mussolini's coalition passed the electoral Acerbo Law, which assigned two thirds of the seats to the party that achieved at least 25% of the vote. 14–18). Some of these led to the development of Western philosophy, science and art, that remained central during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. By January of the same year, half of the Italian forces fighting in the Soviet Union had been destroyed,[131] the African campaign had failed, the Balkans remained unstable, and Italians wanted an end to the war. The foreign invasions of Italy known as the Italian Wars began with the 1494 invasion by France that wreaked widespread devastation on Northern Italy and ended the independence of many of the city-states. It has been calculated that the Italian economy experienced an average rate of growth of GDP of 5.8% per year between 1951 and 1963, and 5.0% per year between 1964 and 1973. At Fiat the workforce grew from 4,000 to 40,000. After defeating the Macedonian and Seleucid Empires in the 2nd century BCE, the Romans became the dominant people of the Mediterranean Sea. The pervasive influence of mass media and consumerism on society has often been fiercely criticized by intellectuals like Pier Paolo Pasolini and film directors like Dino Risi, Vittorio De Sica and Ettore Scola, that stigmatized selfishness and immorality that characterized miracle's years. But whilst the various city republics and kingdoms had been more than happy to fight eachother for centuries, one of the things that eventually united them was the imposition of foreign domination by France, Austria and even the Papal State. Riparo Mochi (Italy). After the death of Charlemagne (814), the new empire soon disintegrated under his weak successors. [7] The Italian Renaissance spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, and art with the start of the modern era. The Carbonari condemned Napoleon III to death for failing to unite Italy, and the group almost succeeded in assassinating him in 1858. 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